平山病Hirayamadisease,

平山病(Hirayamadisease,HD)又称青少年上肢远端肌萎缩(juvenilemuscularatrophyofdistalupperextremity)。是一种原因不明的自限性的发生于青少年时期的神经系统疾病,由日本学者平山惠造(KeizoHirayama)于年首先报道的一种良性自限性运动神经元疾病,与运动神经元病(MND)、肌萎缩性侧索硬化(ALS)及脊肌萎缩症(SMA)表现相似,但预后截然不同。主要特征是前臂尺侧肌萎缩,病变侧上肢呈斜坡样改变。

本病好发于青春期,起病隐匿,男性多见,男女之比为7~20:1,15~25岁为发病高峰。主要临床特征是单侧上肢远端的肌肉萎缩、无力,寒冷可诱发或加重无力症状,称为寒冷麻痹。桡侧肌肉一般不受影响,手的骨间肌、大小鱼际肌、前臂尺侧肌肉萎缩较重,使上肢呈斜坡样。肌力相对保留,有时也可累及对侧肢体,但一般两侧不对称,极个别的可以对称,腱反射大部分正常,不会出现上运动神经元受损的症状和体征,感觉检查正常,血清肌酶均正常。

临床诊断标准:平山惠造年提出了平山病的临床诊断标准:①一侧上肢或双侧上肢不对称性肌无力、肌萎缩,主要累及C7~8、T1水平脊神经支配区;②发病多在15~25岁之间,隐匿起病;③发病初期有1~3年的快速进展期,随后病情趋于平稳;④受累手指出现震颤;⑤暴露于寒冷环境时会出现轻微的一过性症状加重;⑥肌电图检查显示受累肌肉呈慢性神经源性改变;⑦无主观的感觉异常。

临床表现:典型的平山病表现为青春早期隐袭起病的手及前臂远端肌肉无力,随病变进展逐渐出现相应肌群萎缩,多为单侧损害,部分也可表现为不对称双侧损害。多数病人有“寒冷麻痹”,即暴露在寒冷环境中无力症状明显加重;束颤安静状态多不出现,但在手指伸展时常发生;患者受累肢体腱反射正常或偶可低下,通常无疼痛、麻木等感觉障碍表现,也无锥体束征、括约肌功能障碍等。病情在起病后数年内一度缓慢进展,临床易与肌萎缩侧索硬化或脊髓进行性肌萎缩等运动神经元病混淆,但绝大多数患者在以后5年内病情可自然中止,预后与运动神经元病明显不同。

A25-year-oldmalewithasymmetricweaknessandwastingbothhandsandforearmsfor2yearsandbriskdeeptendonjerks–neutralpositionsagittalT2WImagneticresonanceimaging(MRI)showinglossofcervicallordosisandlocalisedlowercervicalcordatrophy(whitearrow)(a),T2WIaxialMRIshowinganteroposteriortriangularcordflatteningwithlossofattachmentofdurafromsubjacentlamina(thinredarrow)andintramedullaryhyperintensity(b)

A23-year-oldmalewithweaknessandwastinglefthandandforearm–flexionT1WImagneticresonanceimaging(MRI)showingdorsalepiduralvoids(redarrow)(a),flexioncontrastMRIshowingepiduralcrescenticenhancingregion(greenarrow)(b)

A50-year-oldmalewithweaknessandwastingbothhandsandforearmsfor2years–neutralpositionsagittalT2WImagneticresonanceimaging(MRI)showinglossofcervicallordosisandlocalisedlowercervicalcordatrophy(whitearrow)(a),axialT2WIMRIshowinganteroposteriorcordflatteningwithlossofattachmentofdurafromsubjacentlamina(thinredarrow)(b),flexioncontrastMRIshowingposteriorepiduralthincrescenticenhancingregion(thickredarrow)(c),wastingofbothhands(d)andforearmswithobliqueamyotrophy(blackarrows)(e)

CervicalMRIsinaflexionpositionofpatientswithHirayamadiseaseandcoexistentatopicandallergicdisorders.(A),(B),(C),and(D)arepatients1,2,3,and4,respectively.AcrescentshapedhighsignalareaisseenbehindthespinalcordonT2weightedimagesinallpatients.

(a)MidlinesagittalT1-weighted(repetitiontimemsec/echotimemsec,/15)MRimageofthecervicalspineinneutralpositionrevealsfocalspinalcordatrophy(arrow)atC5throughC6.(b)MidlinesagittalT2-weighted(2,/90)MRimageofthecervicalspineinneutralpositionshowsasmallareaofhighsignalintensity(arrow),whichispossiblyindicativeofgliosis,intheatrophiedsegmentofthespinalcord.

T1-weighted(/15)sagittalMRimagesofthecervicalspinein(a)extensionand(b)flexion.NotethespaciouscervicalduralcanalandpresenceofwidesubarachnoidspaceventraltothespinalcordatC5-6(arrowina).Theposteriordura(arrowhead)hasshiftedventrallywithflexionofthecervicalspine.Theepiduralplexusislargerandcontainsmultipleflowvoids(arrowinb).(c)Contrast-enhancedT1-weighted(/15)MRimageofthecervicalspineinflexionshowsenhancementofthelargeposteriorepiduralplexus(arrows).

TransverseCTscansofthecervicalspineobtainedaftermyelographyatC5-6in(a)extensionand(b)flexion.Thespinalcordisatrophiedwithdisproportionateinvolvementoftherighthemicord(arrowina).Anteriorsubarachnoidspaceis







































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